Sixth Crusade

Also known as Crusade of Frederick II

Frederick II's excommunicated and mostly diplomatic crusade, which restored Jerusalem to Latin Christian control without a major battle.

The Sixth Crusade was led by Emperor Frederick II, who had delayed taking the cross so long that Pope Gregory IX excommunicated him before he sailed. Frederick arrived in the east with a small force, but his real weapon was diplomacy: he negotiated directly with the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil, who was facing rival Muslim claimants.

The Treaty of Jaffa in 1229 returned Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and a corridor to the coast to Latin Christian control, while the Haram al-Sharif remained under Muslim authority. Frederick crowned himself in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but the settlement was fragile: Jerusalem was demilitarised, local barons resented imperial rule, and the city was finally lost again in 1244.

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