Outremer

Also known as Outre-mer, Ultramar

Old French for 'overseas' — the Frankish-language name for the Crusader states collectively, embracing Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, and Edessa.

Outremer (literally 'beyond the sea') was the everyday Old French term for the Latin East, used in the same way that contemporaries used Ultramar in Castilian or terra ultramarina in Latin. It denoted the four Frankish polities founded after the First Crusade — the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem — as well as, less precisely, the broader region of Frankish settlement, trade, and pilgrimage in the eastern Mediterranean.

The word carried a strong sense of distance and exoticism for western audiences. Crusader bishops returning from the Levant were 'bishops from Outremer'; coins struck in the kingdom were 'monnaies d'outremer'; the chronicler William of Tyre's French continuator simply calls his work the chronicle of 'Outremer'. After the fall of Acre in 1291 the term continued in nostalgic and literary use for centuries.

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